中国比特币矿工是美国加密基础设施中的特洛伊木马

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加密货币正在迅速成为美国经济和金融体系的重要组成部分。由于交易所交易基金（ETF）吸引了大量新消费者，比特币（BTC）的价值大幅上涨。这通常是个好消息。

然而，比特币的崛起也带来了加强监管的必要性，类似于人工智能等其他新兴技术领域。在全球互联的世界中，每一项新的颠覆性技术都将国家安全利益推到了最前沿，因此需要迫切关注关键网络和基础设施漏洞的风险。

中国的威胁继续成为这些讨论的中心。美国采取果断行动应对来自华为、TikTok 和中国电动汽车制造商等公司的技术威胁。加密货币的风险更加令人担忧，因为比特币矿工代表着一个潜在的无声、有感知的硬件层，直接集成到美国能源和电信基础设施中。

相关：比特币减半今年不会有 600% 的回报——所以调整你的策略

考虑到这种风险的范围，监管机构现在已经没有时间采取行动，确保中国的加密货币挖矿技术削弱美国重要公用事​​业和金融系统的机会为零。

比特币挖矿是新比特币进入流通的过程。它也是通过验证和确认区块链（比特币的底层公共分类账）的所有交易来保护网络安全的机制。矿工们竞相解决复杂的数学问题；第一个解决问题的人可以将下一个区块添加到区块链中，并获得新铸造的比特币和交易费用的奖励。

比特币挖矿需要大量的计算能力和能源，是通过复杂的挖矿设备（高性能计算系统）执行的，由称为 ASIC 的先进半导体提供支持。中国在比特币挖矿的 ASIC 供应方面占据主导地位，供应了当今 98% 的芯片，主要来自包括比特大陆在内的几家大型制造商。这些在中国设计的芯片由台积电制造，采用其最新、最先进的制造工艺（3nm）。

这对美国贸易政策和竞争力构成重大威胁，更不用说对国家安全构成风险了。

The U.S. has imposed tariffs on Chinese imports stemming from ongoing trade disputes, but some Chinese companies such as Bitmain are undermining the tariffs by setting up subsidiaries or affiliates in other countries, as well as resorting to aggressive dumping and price cutting tactics to significantly limit the adoption of U.S.-based ASIC suppliers. This undercuts not only the tariffs, but also the much-publicized CHIPS Act and its efforts to increase domestic semiconductor manufacturing in America.

As the number of mining facilities in the U.S. continue to rapidly increase (many of which are also Chinese-owned, in addition to being powered by China-manufactured miners), their proximity to critical U.S. infrastructure has activated alarm bells among national security experts. A primary fear is that these facilities could function as Trojan horses, allowing Chinese intelligence agencies to conduct cyber-espionage, potentially targeting sensitive military installations, power grids or communication networks.

Chinese companies, both state-owned and private, operate under a legal framework that requires them to cooperate with China’s intelligence services when requested. This raises the specter of Chinese authorities leveraging their influence within seemingly innocuous crypto mining operations to gather valuable data on U.S. domestic affairs.

Moreover, the technical complexity of crypto mining equipment creates potential backdoor vulnerabilities. Some experts warn that Chinese-manufactured hardware could contain hidden security backdoors in the firmware or software within the miners, allowing covert data transmission or even remote sabotage of critical infrastructure.

We also must consider the degree to which Bitcoin and related blockchains are becoming increasingly critical to the U.S. financial system and economy. It is estimated that 40% of U.S. adults own crypto in some form and the Bitcoin mining industry is projected to grow at a 9% CAGR through 2029. The negative impacts of a major disruption in trading, mining activity or price destabilization will only continue to grow.

Unfortunately, relying upon Chinese suppliers for validation of Bitcoin transactions poses just such a risk to the U.S. financial system. With such a significant presence in the U.S. crypto mining industry, China could seek to influence or even disrupt its operation in times of heightened tension. If China, for example, decided to restrict Bitcoin mining rig imports to the U.S. or otherwise use its influence over Chinese suppliers to manipulate the Bitcoin network, it could disrupt the functioning and stability of Bitcoin and negatively impact U.S. users, investors, and financial institutions.

So, the risks are clear. Now, what can be done?

Related: Biden's mining tax is the least sensible part of his 2025 budget proposal

首先，我们必须呼吁政策制定者采取迅速、果断的行动，包括更好地保护美国国家利益的新法规，以及更有力地执行现有政策。这应包括在采矿设施内实施严格的网络安全协议和监控机制，要求提高供应链透明度，对比特币采矿投资者进行更严格的背景调查，并建立合作性国际标准以解决跨境安全问题并防止监管套利。

其次，也许是最关键的必要干预措施，是在美国发展一个强大的比特币挖矿技术部门。美国绝对迫切需要投资和激励美国公司为比特币挖矿设计先进的半导体。 《CHIPS 法案》提供了一个快速启动这一努力的机会，私营部门也必须效仿，优先考虑并投资于此。这样做不仅有助于减轻安全和经济风险，还能确保供应链有弹性，促进经济增长，并在这个快速发展的行业中建立长期的技术领先地位。

最后，美国必须采取积极立场，禁止中国制造的挖矿硬件进入美国市场，就像为保护美国通信行业禁止华为参与 5G 网络而采取的措施一样。此外，美国领土上不得存在任何中国拥有的比特币挖矿业务。 CFIUS 现有的框架也应该扩展到比特币挖矿。

独裁政权经常受到任何形式的权力分配的威胁。比特币的去中心化本质是基于世界各地开放参与和协作的理念，创造了一个超越任何单一国家边界的多样化和广泛的生态系统。然而，在一个特别不可预测的国家建立一个高度集中的供应瓶颈是与这些价值观背道而驰的。更重要的是，它还可能使整个加密货币系统的寿命受到质疑，同时允许中国控制的技术特洛伊木马进入美国领土。

Sriram Viswanathan

本文仅供一般参考之用，无意也不应被视为法律或投资建议。这里表达的观点、想法和意见仅代表作者个人观点，并不一定反映或代表Cointelegraph的观点和意见。

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